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Gender and Power Metrics

Gender and Power MetricsGender and Power Metrics

A living database of scales and indicators that have been used to measure constructs of gender, agency, power, and control.

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Ability to Refuse Sex Scale (DHS)

  • Overview
  • Items
  • Condom

Overview

Type: Relationship power/ control

Citation: Mumtaz, Z.; Slaymaker, E.; Salway, S. Condom use in Uganda and Zimbabwe: exploring the influence of gendered access to resources and couple-level dynamics. 2005;():117-145. Calverton, Maryland, ORC Macro, MEASURE DHS,2005

Use of Scale: Measure

Level of Generality: Individual

# of Items Reported: 4

Availability: Full

Theme: Gender/social norms, SRH/HIV

Demographics

Region: Sub-Saharan Africa

Country: Zimbabwe and Uganda

Gender: Female

Urban / Rural: nr

Ethnicity: NR

Age Group: Includes adolescents (<18)

Age Range: Women: 15 to 49; Men: 15 to 55

Scale Information

# of Subscales: NR

Subscale Name(s): NR

Direction and Meaning:

Response Range: NR

Internal Consistency: NA

Internal Consistency by Subgroup: NA

Test-retest Reliability: NA

Sample Items: When she is tired, when she has just given birth, if she thinks he has multiple partners, and if he has an STI.

Items

  • When she is tired, when she has just given birth, if she thinks he has multiple partners, and if he has an STI.

Measured Outcome(s): Condom

Outcome(s)

Condom use at last sex

Detailed Outcome(s) Description

Condom use was measured as reported use at the most recent sex, both for marital and extramarital partners

Statistical Method (Most Adjusted)

Logistic regression

Reference group for gender indicator

Lower acceptability of violence against women

Bivariate or Multivariate Analysis?

Multivariate

Detailed Results

Married/cohabitating women in Zimbabwe who used modern contraception and had higher endorsement of violence against women relative to those with lower endorsement were more likely to report condom use (AOR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.49; p=0.027). In contrast, married/cohabitating women in Zimbabwe who reported no modern contraceptive use who had higher endorsement of violence against women were less likely to report condom use relative to those with lower endorsement of violence (AOR: 0.83, 95% CI:0.71, 0.98; p=0.026). There was no relationship among married/cohabitating men in either country.

Summary

Summary association oriented to reflect the following relationships: Positive association: indicates more equitable views or division of power and greater condom use or more inequitable views/division of power and lower condom use; Inverse association: reflects more equitable gender views/division of power and lower condom use.

Inconsistent association, mixed direction

Covariates

Items vary based on each stratified model (empirical modeling approach used).

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